In an ant nest, which caste or life stage typically resides closest to the surface?

In an ant nest, the oldest workers typically reside closest to the surface. This is because these workers have the most experience and are tasked with various responsibilities, including foraging for food, defending the nest, and caring for the queen's offspring. Their position near the surface allows them to effectively perform these duties, as they can quickly access resources and respond to threats.

The queen and kings, which are the reproductive castes, usually remain deeper within the nest to protect their roles in reproduction. The youngest males, on the other hand, are not often found near the surface as they are typically in developmental stages or are preparing for nuptial flights that take them away from the nest altogether. By contrast, the oldest workers are well-suited for the duties that keep the colony functioning effectively at the surface level.