What type of habitat is needed for cluster flies to complete their life cycle?

Cluster flies, scientifically known as Pollenia rudis, require a specific type of habitat for their life cycle, and turf areas provide the essential conditions. These flies are often found in association with soil where they can develop in the presence of earthworms, which are vital for their larvae. The larvae of cluster flies are parasitic and typically develop within earthworm hosts.

Turf areas, which comprise vegetation and soil, are conducive to this life cycle because they provide the right environment for the adult flies to lay their eggs. The soil composition found in well-maintained turf also aids in the moisture levels necessary for egg survival and development.

In contrast, swampy areas, sewage treatment plants, and sandy or gravelly areas do not offer the same ecological conditions or resources, making them unsuitable habitats for the life cycle of cluster flies. Therefore, the preference for turf areas reflects the necessary biological and environmental requirements for these insects to thrive.